Libby Prison. adhereaffinityalliterationamateuramicableamorousanimositycohereconfinecongregationdefinitivedegenerateelucidateengenderfinalefluentgregariousinherentliteraryluminary\begin{array}{lllll}\text { adhere } & \text { affinity } & \text { alliteration } & \text { amateur } & \text { amicable } \\ \text { amorous } & \text { animosity } & \text { cohere } & \text { confine } & \text { congregation } \\ \text { definitive } & \text { degenerate } & \text { elucidate } & \text { engender } & \text { finale } \\ \text { fluent } & \text { gregarious } & \text { inherent } & \text { literary } & \text { luminary }\end{array} TURNER JOY reports two torpedoes passed near her.14, McNamara phoned Sharp at 1608 Washington time to talk it over and asked, "Was there a possibility that there had been no attack?" The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a pair of alleged attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on two American destroyers in August of 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. Gunfire and torpedoes were exchanged while F-8 fighters from USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) raced to the scene. A joint resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave the president authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam and served as the legal basis for escalations in the Johnson and Nixon administrations that likely dwarfed what most Americans could have imagined in August 1964. Seventh Fleet in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2 and August 4, respectively. Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, directed by Errol Morris, Sony Pictures, 2003. Specially equipped with a communications intercept van and 17 SIGINT specialists, she was to patrol in international waters off the North Vietnamese coast, from the demilitarized zone (DMZ) north to the Chinese border. Decommissioned in 1982, she is now a museum ship in Bremerton, Washington. In these shorter essays, you are expected to make a strong argument about a specific week's readings, and to support this argument with theoretical and empirical evidence. "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. Violent anti-war protests erupted at Kent State and Jackson State College after the news media reported that American troops had invaded Cambodia.. The Pentagon Papers, published in the 1970's subsequently proved that the claims, along with the rest of the information published by the American government justifying US involvement in Vietnam were falsehoods. In return, the lead vessel launched a torpedo and veered away. Hey, did yall hear Thutmose the Great didnt actually damage Hapshetsups monuments? With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. 25. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990, rev. Calls between the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the National Military Command Center; headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific; and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were frequently exchanged during the phantom battle. Both the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy fired repeatedly into the stormy night. The papers, more than 140 of them classified top secret, include phone transcripts, oral-history interviews, signals intelligence (SIGINT) messages, and chronologies of the Tonkin events developed by Department of Defense and NSA officials. We probably shot up a radar station and a few other miscellaneous buildings. It was the basis for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which committed major American forces to the war in Vietnam. In fact, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, as it became known, turned out to be a fictitious creation courtesy of the government to escalate war in Vietnam leading to the deaths of tens of thousands of U.S. troops and millions of Vietnamese, fomenting the largest anti-war movement in American history, and tarnishing . According to Hanyok, "SIGINT information was presented in such a manner as to preclude responsible decision makers in the Johnson Administration from having the complete and objective narrative of events of 04 August 1964."24. This time, however, President Johnson reacted much more skeptically and . In my account of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? Maddox and the U.S.S. It's true. Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade? U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. Robert McNamara, In Retrospect (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. For more than 90 minutes, he made runs parallel to the ships' course and at low altitude (below 2,000 feet) looking for the enemy vessels. The Maddox and Turner Joy moved out to sea, but both reported that they were tracking multiple unidentified vessels approaching their positions. The Kerner Commission explained urban riots as the result of which of the following, Black frustration with the hopelessness of urban poverty, The Stonewall incident that catalyzed the gay rights movement occurred when __________, Bar patrons in New York City protested a police raid. Funny how no one mentions the fact the Gulf Of Tonkin incident, the false flag event that 'justified' the Vietnam war. On August 2nd 1964, two United States Navy ships . Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Historical Series, version XVI, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 293. 2 What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin quizlet? 31. Three patrol craft attacked a security garrison at Cua Ron (the mouth of the Ron River) and a radar site at Vinh Son, firing 770 rounds of high-explosive munitions at the targets.8 North Vietnamese installations had been attacked four separate times in five days. The truth was very different. Fifty years ago, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the U.S.S. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen In reality, McNamara knew full well that the 34A attacks had probably provoked the 2 August attacks on the Maddox. The destroyers were sent to the area in 1964 in order to conduct reconnaissance and to intercept North Vietnamese communications in support of South Vietnamese war efforts. C. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Southeast Asia Resolution, Pub. By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. 7. . In the early hours of the next day, Maddox communication technicians intercepted SIGINT reports of North Vietnamese vessels getting under way, possibly intent on attacking the destroyer. At 0248 in the Gulf, Herrick sent another report in which he changed his previous story: Certain that original ambush was bonafide. Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. Additionally, messages that were forwarded contained "severe analytic errors, unexplained translation changes, and the conjunction of two messages into one translation." Paragraph 14, 15 Richard Nixon, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005 . Answer. The Turner Joy had not detected any torpedoes during the entire encounter, and Herrick determined that the Maddox's operators were probably hearing the ship's propellers reflecting off her rudder during sharp turns.12 The destroyer's main gun director was never able to lock onto any targets because, as the operator surmised, the radar was detecting the stormy sea's wave tops. She hired former Confederate soldiers to gather information from We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 46. The featured story comes from the Counter Currents website and was titled: Covert Operations In Continue reading According to John Prados of the independent National Security Archive, Hanyok asserted that faulty signals intelligence became "vital evidence of a second attack and [Johnson and McNamara] used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes and to buttress the administration's request for a Congressional resolution that would give the White House freedom of action in Vietnam. . Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. Details of action following present a confusing picture. Unlike much else that followed, this incident is undisputed, although no one from the US government ever admitted publicly that the attack was likely provoked by its covert actions. This led the North Vietnamese to increase their efforts in the south. The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. OD. The following night, August 3 three more MACV-SOG vessels attacked targets on the mainland of North Vietnam. The timing of the retaliation order is significant because shortly after Maddox and Turner Joy reported the attack, there was significant doubt that any action was taken by North Vietnam at all. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as CIA Director John McCone answered matter-of-factly, "No, the North Vietnamese are reacting defensively to our attacks on their offshore islands . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 8. Among the most revealing documents is a study of the Gulf of Tonkin incidents by NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok. War is an enemy of all the humanity and human civilization. Who was the leader of the movement to stop the Equal Rights Amendment? 2. He was the second-longest POW in American history, the longest also during the Vietnam conflict. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. At 2336, President Johnson appeared on national television and announced his intent to retaliate against North Vietnamese targets: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. No actual sightings by "Maddox". This final release includes additional articles, chronologies of events, oral history interviews, and other related memoranda. 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . In response, the North Vietnamese built up their naval presence around the offshore islands. The witness was asked to __________ a statement she made that did not seem to ________with her earlier testimony. What was the primary political issue that Carter used in his presidential campaign? O A. land and freedom Sharp admitted that there was a "slight possibility" because of freak radar echoes, inexperienced sonarmen, and no visual sightings of torpedo wakes. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? "22, Almost 90 percent of the SIGINT intercepts that would have provided a conflicting account were kept out of the reports sent to the Pentagon and White House. On August 2, it was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. On 30 May 2006, NSA released the second and final installment of Gulf of Tonkin materials. I, Vietnam 1964 (section 278). In making your definition, discuss and highlight what you think is the most Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? 278. You must include thesis statement, 4 body paragraphs and other reading and a conclusion to wrap up your debate And quite frankly, I follow that rule. On an audio tape from the Johnson Library declassified in December 2005, he admitted to the President the morning after the attacks that the two events were almost certainly connected: And I think I should also, or we should also at that time, Mr. President, explain this OPLAN 34-A, these covert operations. 22. But several hours later he forwarded his doubts about what had happened up the chain of command.Naval Historical Center. The incident was utilized by the Johnson Administration to publicly justify and escalate military operations in the region. Maddox. McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. Resulted from a minor naval conflictc. "15, Other intelligence supported the belief that an attack had occurred. Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. il est impossible de compenser ses missions CO2. In August 1964, the United States entered the Vietnam War after reports of an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. On hearing of the authorization's passage by both houses of Congress, the delighted President remarked that the resolution "was like Grandma's nightshirt. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964. It was certainly convenient as a reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War. He arrived overhead at 2135. The film won the Academy Award for best documentary feature for 2003. The South Vietnameseconducted OPLAN 34A raids and the U.S. Navy's Desoto patrols could be perceived as collaborative efforts against North Vietnamese targets. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 25. What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? Anderson, David L., Editor. All of his policy decisions, foreign and domestic, were considered through the prism of the November vote. (20) The more astute cardboard-roll hangers wait until they have been placed in the closet, out of view, before they collapse. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed for the president to send combat troops to Vietnam. 8. various battlefields. What was later discovered were "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and no evidence of the [] Though not manned by American sailors, four ships under the command of MACV-SOG attacked two islands in the Gulf, Hon Me, and Hon Ngu. In 1995 Vo Nguyen Giap, who had been North Vietnams military commander during the Vietnam War, acknowledged the August 2 attack on the Maddox but denied that the Vietnamese had launched another attack on August 4, as the Johnson administration had claimed at the time. Although the U.S. destroyers were operating more than 100 miles from the North Vietnamese coastline, the approaching vessels seemed to come at the ships from multiple directions, some from the northeast, others from the southwest. Was the Gulf of Tonkin incident staged USS Maddox On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.